This study report provides a comprehensive review of maternity protection and childcare systems in Bangladesh, examining the legal, policy, and practical dimensions in light of international labour standards. Drawing on the ILO Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183), Recommendation No. 191, and the Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. 156), the study identifies persistent gaps and offers reform pathways. The analysis shows that while the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 and Labour Rules 2015 include provisions for maternity leave and childcare, they remain limited in scope, weak in enforcement, and fall short of global standards. Only 34.6% of women currently access maternity benefits, with most informal workers excluded from coverage. Critical challenges include non-payment of benefits, lack of breastfeeding facilities, inadequate childcare services, and workplace discrimination. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach using document review, expert consultations, and 15 key informant interviews with policymakers, labour leaders, and rights activists. Findings highlight restrictive eligibility criteria, employer-funded benefits that disadvantage informal workers, and limited inspection capacity. Key recommendations include introducing a national social insurance scheme, expanding childcare provisions, strengthening legal protections against discrimination, and ratifying key ILO conventions to align with global commitments toward gender equality and decent work.