The “Female Labor Migration and Household Care Dynamics in Bangladesh: Implications for Gender-Responsive Social Protection” is a diagnostic research paper examining the relationship between female international labour migration, household caregiving responsibilities, and social protection systems in Bangladesh. Drawing on national migration statistics, policy documents, existing research, and international experiences, the study explores how women’s overseas employment influences household economic security, gender relations, childcare, elderly care, and the wellbeing of family members left behind. The findings highlight that although female migration contributes to household income and national remittances, it also creates significant social and caregiving challenges, as responsibilities are often transferred to other female family members, particularly grandmothers and mothers-in-law. The study identifies critical gaps in existing migration governance and social protection frameworks, including inadequate support for migrant families, limited access to social insurance, insufficient protection against exploitation, and weak psychosocial and reintegration services. Drawing lessons from countries such as the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Nepal, and India, the paper proposes strengthening gender-responsive migration governance, integrating migration-sensitive provisions into the National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) 2026 and beyond, establishing community-based care services, expanding social insurance coverage, and improving pre-departure preparation and post-return reintegration support. It also explores the potential of the Family Card as a platform for delivering migration-sensitive social protection benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence-based policy recommendations for developing a more inclusive, coordinated, and gender-responsive social protection system that safeguards female migrant workers, supports their families, recognizes unpaid care responsibilities, and promotes sustainable socioeconomic wellbeing in Bangladesh.